...dangerous due to growth Can crush or...
...to stimulate root growth Micropropagation Many more...
...that contains plant growth substances The growth...
...growth substances The growth substances stimulate the...
...that stimulates the growth of the shoot....
...genetically identical plants Growth rate, harvest time,...

...(BMP-4) is a growth factor. In amphibians,...
...(AER). Secretes fibroblast growth factor (FGF) proteins....
...Required for limb growth and patterning along...
...hedgehog, a protein growth factor. Required for...

...of five plant growth hormones Made in...
...Shoot - Causes growth and elongation Root...
...- Slows down growth and inhibits elongation...
...inhibits elongation Tropisms Growth movements made by...
...(In the root): Growth TOWARDS gravity. Negative...
...(In the shoot): Growth AWAY FROM gravity....
...responsible for the growth pattern Positive geotropism:...
...shoot and causes growth and elongation. This...
...(In the shoot): Growth TOWARDS the light....
...(In the root): Growth AWAY FROM the...
...responsible for the growth pattern: Positive phototropism:...
...soil). Synthetic plant growth substances Definition: Artificial...
...and regulate plant growth by imitating natural...
...imitating natural plant growth substances. Several uses:...
...encourage rapid, uncontrolled growth which eventually cause...

...by adjusting its growth and development. SIGNAL...
...HORMONES HELP COORDINATE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND RESPONSES...
...physiological response: regulate growth and development. Each...
...Tropism is a growth response to an...
...electrochemical gradient. The Acid-Growth Hypothesis This hypothesis...
...elongation. Auxin stimulates growth only over certain...
...is also the root-growth hormone sold in...
...It promotes root growth on cut-off shoots....
...initial spurt of growth. 2. Cytokinins Cytokinins...
...regulation lateral bud growth. In apical dominance,...
...of the stem growth takes place in...
...and inhibits the growth of other meristems...
...effect on root growth. 4. Brassinosteroids are...
...ABA slows down growth and act antagonistically...
...antagonistically to the growth-promoting hormones. The ratio...
...stomata. Inhibits shoot growth but will not...
...may even promote growth of roots. Induces...
...root and shoot growth and differentiation, and...
...the development and growth of plants. These...
...STIMULI Tropism is growth response to an...
...membrane and cellular growth. The entire cell...
...is the directional growth as a response...
...drop. Inhibit the growth of young leaves....
...leaves. Inhibits the growth of shallow roots....
...of modifying the growth, behavior or population...
...hormones that disrupt growth and development of...

...its pattern of growth and development. Plants...
...concentration of a growth hormone, an injury...
...cellular responses. Plant growth patterns vary dramatically...
...hormones that regulate growth. For example, the...
...will reorient its growth until its leaves...
...the light. Any growth response that results...
...a tropism. The growth of a shoot...
...result of differential growth of cells on...
...light, the actual growth response occurred some...
...may act as growth inhibitors, with these...
...hormones help coordinate growth, development, and responses...
...hormones control plant growth and development by...
...that may control growth and development of...
...hormone stimulates cell growth. Auxin stimulates cell...
...Auxin stimulates cell growth only over a...
...to the acid growth hypothesis, in a...
...stimulates the sustained growth response of more...
...also affects secondary growth by inducing cell...
...by influencing the growth of secondary xylem....
...which promotes the growth of fruit. Synthetic...
...could stimulate the growth of plant embryos...
...regulating axillary bud growth. Auxin levels would...
...inhibit axillary bud growth, while cytokinins would...
...cytokinins would stimulate growth. Many observations are...
...an overdose of growth regulators normally found...
...production. Gibberellins stimulate growth in both leaves...
...effect on root growth. In stems, gibberellins...
...switches to reproductive growth, a surge of...
...Gibberellins support the growth of cereal seedlings...
...generally slows down growth. Often ABA antagonizes...
...actions of the growth hormones - auxins,...
...one or more growth hormones that determines...
...to perform a growth maneuver called the...
...its normal upward growth. It is ethylene,...
...tune a plant’s growth, development, reproduction, and...
...events in plant growth and development. These...
...to assess appropriate growth strategies. If other...
...and inhibits vertical growth. 3. Biological clocks...
...conditions in a growth chamber, many physiological...
...cell elongation, slowing growth on that side...
...alters its subsequent growth. Rubbing the stems...
...caused by differential growth of cells on...
...a plant’s survival, growth, and reproduction. These...
...will inhibit the growth of young leaves....
...reduce photosynthesis. Root growth also responds to...
...This inhibits the growth of shallow roots,...

...favor germination and growth. Animals may clump...
...the germination and growth of nearby competitors....
...to rapid population growth unless conditions are...
...ideal for the growth and survival of...
...model describes population growth in an idealized,...
...tremendous capacity for growth. Unlimited population increase...
...study of population growth in an idealized,...
...revise the population growth equation, using per...
...is zero population growth (ZPG). Births and...
...to express population growth instantaneously, as the...
...instantaneously, as the growth rate at a...
...of increase. Population growth under ideal conditions...
...called exponential population growth. Under these conditions,...
...assume the maximum growth rate for the...
...for exponential population growth is dN/dt =...
...in a J-shaped growth curve when the...
...changes in the growth rate as the...
...the logistic population growth model, the per...
...equation for exponential growth and add an...
...available for population growth. By multiplying the...
...we modify the growth rate of the...
...rate of population growth. Population growth is...
...population growth. Population growth is greatest when...
...model of population growth produces a sigmoid...
...a sigmoid (S-shaped) growth curve when N...
...population. The population growth rate slows as...
...does the population growth rate slow as...
...approaches K? Population growth slows as the...
...does the logistic growth model fit the...
...model fit the growth of real populations?...
...real populations? The growth of laboratory populations...
...into the logistic growth model do not...
...however. The logistic growth model assumes that...
...capacity. The logistic growth model assumes that,...
...on the population growth rate. Some populations...
...The logistic population growth model provides a...
...model of population growth. Selection for life...
...growing in an old-growth forest are an...
...that regulate population growth are density-dependent. Why...
...prevents unlimited population growth. We can apply...
...feedback on population growth, halting population growth...
...growth, halting population growth through mechanisms that...
...is restricting population growth. Population density can...
...so much population growth for so long....
...the rate of growth began to slow...
...in the overall growth rate to just...
...2050. Human population growth has departed from...
...from true exponential growth, which assumes a...
...configurations: Zero population growth = High birth...
...rates Zero population growth = Low birth...
...are near equilibrium (growth rate of about...
...countries. Most population growth is concentrated in...
...of human population growth is our ability...
...to decrease population growth rates and move...
...toward zero population growth. World leaders continue...
...predict a population’s growth trends and future...
...by the logistic growth equation to predict...
...with global population growth. Perhaps we will...
...whether zero population growth will be attained...

...PLANT STRUCTURE AND GROWTH Introduction With about...
...plant’s genetically directed growth pattern along with...
...a vegetative branch. Growth of a young...
...for inhibiting the growth of axillary buds,...
...support without restraining growth. Functioning collenchyma cells...
...is that the growth and development of...
...Process of Plant Growth and Development A...
...A plant’s continuous growth and development depend...
...within these organs. Growth is the irreversible...
...overview of plant growth Most plants demonstrate...
...plants demonstrate indeterminate growth, growing as long...
...leaves, undergo determinate growth, ceasing to grow...
...certain size. Indeterminate growth does not mean...
...between the vegetative growth season and the...
...capable of indeterminate growth because it has...
...its regions of growth. These cells divide...
...pattern of plant growth depends on the...
...This elongation, primary growth, enables roots to...
...also show secondary growth, progressive thickening of...
...and shoots. Secondary growth is the product...
...woody plants, primary growth is restricted to...
...and shoots. Secondary growth adds girth to...
...growing season, primary growth produces young extensions...
...shoots, while secondary growth thickens and strengthens...
...spurt of primary growth. Along each growth...
...growth. Along each growth segment, nodes are...
...as the primary growth extends the shoot,...
...the shoot, secondary growth thickens the parts...
...years. 2. Primary growth: Apical meristems extend...
...plant body Primary growth produces the primary...
...soil during primary growth. The cap also...
...a lubricating slime. Growth in length is...
...stages of primary growth are located. These...
...The meristem sustains growth by continuously adding...
...produced by primary growth complete their differentiation,...
...shoot occurs by growth in length of...
...shoot apex. This growth is due to...
...leaf. 3. Secondary growth: Lateral meristems add...
...girth by secondary growth. The secondary plant...
...during this secondary growth in diameter. The...
...the stem (primary growth) occurs at the...
...in diameter (secondary growth) occur farther down...
...outside. As secondary growth continues over the...
...temperate regions, secondary growth in perennial plants...
...This pattern of growth—cambium dormancy, early wood...
...wood production—produces annual growth rings. Early in...
...Early in secondary growth, the epidermis produced...
...produced by primary growth splits, dries, and...
...seasons of secondary growth. After several years...
...years of secondary growth, several zones are...
...larger circumference, secondary growth enables the xylem...
...the pattern of growth and differentiation among...
...cambium, produce secondary growth in roots. The...
...produced by primary growth, absorb water and...
...roots, with secondary growth, function mainly to...
...Mechanisms of Plant Growth and Development During...
...three developmental processes: growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation....
...of development. 2. Growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation...
...in mass, or growth, during the life...
...called differentiation. 3. Growth involves both cell...
...the potential for growth. However, it is...
...cause this differential growth, as the cell...
...meristems sustain indeterminate growth. Differentiation reflects the...
...processes of development: growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation....
...in vegetative (leaf-producing) growth from a juvenile...
...hormones. Unlike vegetative growth, which is self-renewing,...
...meristem terminates primary growth of that shoot...

...transfer. The word growth as applied to...
...Conditions for optimal growth vary according to...
...of limiting resources, growth of prokaryotes is...
...optimal environment. Prokaryotic growth in the laboratory...
...water and resumes growth. In most environments,...
...that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms...
...impact on the growth of some prokaryotes...
...impact on the growth of others. Obligate...
...4.5, suppressing the growth of yeast and...
...defenses check the growth of these pathogens....

...Populations Population growth Definition of population:...
...rate of population growth: Food supply Predation...
...LAG – Slow growth due to adjustment...
...LAG – Slow growth due to adjustment...
...factors Human population growth Reasons for recent...
...effecting human population growth Birth rate higher...
...ZPG (Zero Population Growth) Emigration (Leaving area)...
...of human population growth Most barriers to...
...to human population growth have been eliminated....

...functions in reproduction, growth, and repair. The...
...crucial for normal growth, development, and maintenance....
...cues, such as growth factors released during...
...mammalian cells are growth factors, proteins released...
...least 50 different growth factors. Different cell...
...to a certain growth factor or combination....
...or combination. Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs), produced...
...cell sends a growth-inhibiting signal to both...
...the presence of growth factors. Most animal...
...stop dividing when growth factors are depleted....
...manufactures its own growth factors, has an...